Personal Project is a project that each 10th grade...

Personal Project is a project that each 10th grade students must design and exhibit at the end of the process. Students all have chosen different types of project that’s significant in their different areas of interaction. The project I have chosen to do is creating special effects that often appear in movies. My area of interaction is Human Ingenuity. Special effects were created by human and it’s used a lot in the current world. I choose to focus on the process of learning the actual process of making the special effect so I would be able to create my own at the end of the process. I could’ve also be focused on the area of Communication. For example running a EA or a workshop teaching others how to create their special effect. But I†¦show more content†¦My inquiry question at first was How Special Effects Has Changed in 30 Years. From there we can see how the technology evolved and what else has also improved. After a while I changed the goal of my pro ject so I had to change the question. Which Is How Could Special Effects Help the Movie. Meaning how they contributed to the movie they are in. This question doesn’t just require a simple answer because the quality of the effect can sometimes change many things in a movie. Good effects can sometimes make the movie more realistic, bad effects sometimes just make the movie funny when it’s not supposed to be funny. People can recognize the question’s area of interaction clearly because the quality of the effects depends on the technology that’s responsible of creating them. Which depends on the development of human Ingenuity. My goal is to create 5-6 different effects and put them in small clips for an exhibition. I now have 6 small clips that demonstrates 4 different types of special effects. My goal at the beginning was to have 5 clips and I have accomplished my goal with some extra clips. After all the works and comments from others I understood my inquir y question a little more.Which is How Could Special Effects Help A Movie. I combined my project with one of my technology project. I used what I learnt to do special effects and used it to create a PSA. The PSA is about cell phone addiction and there’s a scene in the PSA of meShow MoreRelatedNonverbal Verbal And Verbal Language1776 Words   |  8 Pageskeeper, which shortens her speech and helps to present her idea. Slang can also be used within a same group, and it helps people to identify their group culture and communicate easily. For example, when I text my friends, I would use terms such as, â€Å"lol†, â€Å"omg†, and â€Å"gtg†, which means â€Å"laugh out loud†, â€Å"oh my god†, and â€Å"got to go†, respectively, to present my thought. My friends would understand my meaning because our group uses the same slangs to communicate with each others. If a person in a certainRead MoreCold, Cold And Cold1068 Words   |  5 Pages smthn meme_me_up_scotty: It was right after the war, probs a very saucy time lol iammiku3: SH GUYS ITS THE FINGE RGAME EVEYRBODY SHUT T UOP I NEED TO KNOW IF BRYCE DIES!!!!!! 23sienna32: wuts the finger game? MissMajick (Mod): It’s where they choose a finger to cut off and then they can’t choose certain answers next round. Of course, it’s only in game. PDiddyKong: Lol i want cash cab to implement this lol Ah, good old chat room antics. 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Compromises That Lead to the Constitution - 1716 Words

In the period between the drafting of the Constitution and the start of the Civil War, compromise was a main part in the governing of the United States. The Constitution itself is often referred to as a â€Å"bundle of compromises† and because of the effectiveness of these compromises it has been able to withstand time and continue to be the main source of our government. Conflict arose even after the Constitution and compromises were made to try to keep the Union together and decrease tensions between the North and South. In this paper, I will discuss the compromises that made up the Constitution as well as the compromises that were implemented leading up until the Civil War. The drafting of the Constitution is compiled of great†¦show more content†¦Since Missouri’s population was composed of 16 percent slaves, it would be admitted as a slave state therefore upsetting the balance in favor of the south. Northerners didn’t like this because Missouri was at the same latitude as the free states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and because of this they feared that it would set a precedent for slave states coming more north. The north and south continued to argue and argue over the issue of slavery. The north accused the south of trying to extend the institution of slavery and the south said that the north was conspiring to destroy the Union and end slavery. To resolve this crisis, congress passed a series of agreements that became known as the Missouri Compromise, which smoothed over the crisis. In 1820, Congress admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state in order to balance the number of free and slave states and to keep order between the north and south. Also, it prohibited slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern boundary of Missouri. This compromise soon fell apart after it was passed. Missouri drafted its own Constitution saying that free blacks were prohibited from entering their territory. Because of this provision, which was against the federal Constitution stating that citizens of one state were entitled to the same rights as citizens of other states, antislavery northernersShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Major Causes of the Civil War897 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the union was separating into the North and the South. The Constitution played a major role in the separation that was occurring. Through sectional favoritism of bits and pieces of the Constitution and through ideas that were left out of it, the Constitution led to sectional discord and nearly the failure of the union. A major issue that caused major sectional discord was the constitutionality of slavery. In the constitution there was no mention of slavery of fears that it would divide theRead MoreThe Compromise Of 1850, The Fugitive Slave Act, And The Dred Scott Case1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe Constitution was created in the 1700’s to unify a growing nation and to ensure the basic rights of all citizens. However, as time went on, it seemed as if the large ideas in which our nation had been based upon, began to diminish and after the Mexican-American War, the nation began to face a large split in opinions mainly when regarding slavery. By the 1850’s the largely different interpretation of the Constitution caused such tension between citizens (northerners vs. southerners; those who wereRead MoreThe United States1307 Words   |  6 Pagesstates, instead of revising the Articles wrote an entirely new document; the Constitution. Called â€Å"a bundle of compromises†it has gon e over many interpretations but it is essentially the same document that governs us today.And because so many different people and politicians have different opinions on it, it could be called â€Å"a living document†. The Constitution, however, was not signed without arguments and compromise. The first issue was between states with large populations and states with smallRead MoreEssay on American Slavery967 Words   |  4 Pages The Constitution of the United States was first created in 1787, to create a structure and establish the responsibilities of the American government. The goals of its drafters were to protect the inherent rights of citizens of the United States of America, establish a Government run by the people, and separate the government’s powers between three different branches (Executive, Legislative and Judicial). By accomplishing the goals of the Constitution, its drafters unified the people of the UnitedRead MoreHistorical Essay #1: Confederation and Constitution1160 Words   |  5 PagesHistorical Essay #1: Confederation and Constitution Anthony Snow DeVry University 08/01/2015 HISTORICAL ESSAY #1: CONFEDERATION AND CONSTITUTION As with anything in this world there are always strengths and weaknesses when people are comparing two different items, as no one item can be a perfect solution; there are always compromises. The same happens when we are comparing the Articles of Confederation and the New Constitution of 1787. Both of theses two solutions each have their own strengthsRead MoreBy the 1850s the Constitution became a source of sectional discord, ultimately contributing to the failure of the union. This tries to disprove this statement. *AP US DBQ from 19871477 Words   |  6 Pagessectional discord is the U.S. Constitution. However the Constitution itself was not a source of sectional tension that caused the failure of the Union. The failure erupted generally from the issue of slavery. combination of the people in general and the differences in economic styles that lead to the downfall. Poor political decisions such as the Kansas Nebraska Act, lead to bad decisions which worsened the tensions of the u nion. The economic differences ultimately lead to the Civil War because itRead MoreThe Pennsylvania Compromise856 Words   |  4 PagesRoche s article is the only reading that addresses the Three-Fifths Compromise at length. This suggests that while he saw this compromise as important, other authors might not have shared the same viewpoint. In comparison, Estes only mentions it briefly before an in-depth examination of the Connecticut Compromise, despite the fact that both had important consequences on the Electoral College at the time. The Three-Fifths Compromise stipulated that for purposes of legislative representation and taxesRead MoreHow Did The Constitution Cause Our Nation?1523 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the 1850’s, the Constitution was originally formed to help facilitate in making our nation unified. It had become a source of sectional tension between states and ultimately contributed to the failure of the Union it had created. This statement is mostly valid. The fact that it had become a source of sectional discord and tension is true. The part that I disagree with is that the Constitution â€Å"ultimately contributed to the failure of the Union is had created.† This is just not true becauseRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation Needed930 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatly alter the Articles of Confederation. 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Since the recently adapted Constitution gave the government

Analysis Of Sydney As A Tourist Destination-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: How To The Analysis Of Sydney As A Tourist Destination? Answer: Introduction: Sydney is a city with rich cultural heritage and lots of places of tourist attraction. Besides it also has a versatile and distinctive geography which makes it an attractive tourist spot (Miller, Rathouse, Scarles, Holmes, Tribe, 2010).Sydney is also recognized as an iconic city because of attractions like sporting events, festivals, and its cosmopolitan aura (Newsome, Moore, Dowling, 2012).Besides a beautiful coastline, the city is located close to green parks and national parks which appeals to the leisure travellers and wild-life explorers (Newsome, Moore, Dowling, 2012).The city boasts of international brand names in the hotel industry and also has backpacker and hostel type accommodations, apartment type, bed breakfast type, and also holiday homes to cater to the needs of all kinds of travellers (Economic Contribution of Tourism to NSW 2015-16, n.d.). The city is relatively expensive and it takes a lot of time to travel to the city, which sometimes discourages travellers from Europe and America from visiting Sydney (Economic Contribution of Tourism to NSW 2015-16, n.d.).Sydneys airport infrastructure is almost full to its capacity therefore many international airlines do not connect to it directly (Tourism Action Plan - Home - City of Sydney, n.d.). Opportunities The biggest opportunity for Sydney is the focus of the Australian government to invest in developing the tourist sector in Sydney under its tourism plan 2020 (Tourism Action Plan - Home - City of Sydney, n.d.). The increasing use of social media platforms by the government of Sydney to popularize it as a tourist destination across the world (Buckley, 2012). Increase in the number of tourists from Asian countries like India and China (Seetaram, 2012). Weakening of Australian dollar against the American dollar has negatively affected the revenues of the tourism industry (Seetaram, 2012). There is an increase in competition from other tourist based economies like Malaysia, Singapore, India, and more (Tourism Action Plan - Home - City of Sydney, n.d.). Increase in domestic competition with Melbourne becoming a popular tourist attraction as the cultural and arts centre of Australia (City of Sydney - Council Home, n.d.). Changes in legislation affect the tourism sector. For example, in 2013 the Chinese legislation that disallowed shopping-tours affected the tourist industry in Australia as shopping tours by Chinese travellers were a big component of Australias tourism (Ivanov Webster, 2013). Business and Marketing strategies for developing Sydneys tourism To make Sydney one of the best world-wide attractions and attract more and varied number of tourist, the Tourism Australia along with the government of NSW will have to focus on three major fronts. These are destination development, destination management, and destination marketing. Destination development: financial accounting events and conferences are major revenue earners for a tourism city. To improve the value of the city as a business tourism destination there should be focus at developing the Sydney entertainment and Convention centre and improve the quality size, and responsiveness of the conference, concert, convention, and exhibition infrastructure to ensure that Sydney can be a in a lucrative position to secure the international and domestic events of large scale in the next 5 years (Apostolopoulos, Leivadi, Yiannakis 2013). The cruise ship tourism is gaining momentum among the leisure and business tourists worldwide and provides a big opportunity for Sydney tourism industry. Developing partnerships with the international and domestic cruise liners to manage and encourage passenger cruise ship arrivals at Sydney will work to increase Sydneys tourism profile (Dredge Jamal, 2013). Develop strategies to enhance the tourism infrastructure within Sydneys village precincts to offer the tourists unique and authentic experiences of the cultural life of Australia outside the city centre (Mowforth, Munt, 2015). Destination management: One of the important aspects of enhancing the value of Sydney as a preferred tourist city is to enhance the visitors experience of the city. The population of the city has been steadily growing and there is growing pressure on the transportation facilities, cleanliness of the city, and perceptions regarding tourist safety in the last few years (Ruhanen, 2012). There should be focus on increasing the range and reach of public transport facilities available for the tourists and the ease of accessing these services. The frequency of public transport like buses should be increased and hours of operation should also be increased to late night (Dwyer, Edwards, Mistilis, Roman, Scott, 2009). With the increasing influx of visitors the level of maintenance and cleansing of the city also needs to be improved in the streets, tourist sites, and in the public domain. To improve the perception safety CCTV camera network could be expanded to cover more areas working in collaboration with the Police department and the local government (Mok, Sparks, Kadampully, 2013). There should be an investment to develop the cycled path networks in the city that would allow the tourists to cycle around Sydney and connect with other bike networks to visit destinations like Centennial park, Bondi beach and others. This would also promote green tourism as one of the highlights of the city (Miller, Rathouse, Scarles, Holmes, Tribe, 2010). Destination marketing: To market Sydney as the favoured tourist destination a brand strategy for Sydney that focuses on attracting the tourists from its prime target markets like India and China (Seetaram, 2012). The marketing strategy should focus on the increased use of digital promotion and marketing through social media networks like twitter, facebook and Google+. These websites can be used to post photographs of Sydneys tourist spots and cultural highlights. These can also be used to provide information to the visitors on the best places to stay, upcoming events, tourist destinations, city tours and regional tours (Mok, Sparks, Kadampully, 2013). Produce the advertising and marketing material in collaboration with the cultural organizations, arts clubs, and the local businesses which promote the distinctive character of the 10 villages of the city and the history and culture of the Aboriginal people (Ma Hassink, 2013). Encourage return visits by promoting Sydney as a destination of choice for business conventions and conferences by developing partnerships with the organizers of these events to maximize the promotional and marketing opportunities which target both the international and interstate delegates (Hall, 2009). Estimated Costs for the Business and Marketing Plan Assuming that the state of the economy and the tourism industry remains constant in the coming years, Tourism Australia would need to invest in the infrastructure development and marketing plan for the improving the tourism industry in Sydney. The estimated cost of the project would be: Proposed investment plan Estimated cost Infrastructure development $ 12 million Developing regional community tourism $ 3 million Business events funding to support the Sydney Convention and Visitors Bureau $ 10 million Marketing and sales expenditure (national) $ 3.5 million Marketing and sales expenditure (international) $ 5 million Digital marketing program (world-wide) $ 2.5 Marketing of nature based tourism $ 2.5 million Marketing and development of Cruise ship tourism $ 2.5 million Skill development programs in the tourism industry $ 2 million Increased payroll expenditure $ .75 million Proposed Timeline for Implementation Proposed investment plan Proposed timeline Infrastructure development 2 years Developing regional community tourism 2 years Business events funding to support the Sydney Convention and Visitors Bureau 2 years Marketing and sales expenditure (national) 1 year Marketing and sales expenditure (international) 1 year Digital marketing program (world-wide) 1 year Marketing of nature based tourism 1 year Marketing and development of Cruise ship tourism 1 year Skill development programs in the tourism industry Every year Increased payroll expenditure Every year My involvement in the project I have been appointed as an assistant manager in the online marketing division of the marketing and sales department of Tourism Australia which is specifically dealing with the development of Sydney as the most favoured tourist destination of Australia for the international clients. The social media platform is one of the most cost effective ways of promoting world-wide tourism and tapping into the new markets. The online booking industry contributes approximately 50% to tourism industry worldwide every year (Mowforth, Munt, 2015). People can book customized experiences within their budget. My job includes looking for best possible avenues to export Sydneys tourism market to the target markets of the South Asian countries. My team is also concerned with developing strategies for a destination branding for Sydney and collating the feedbacks from the visitors on social media sites that would help in improving the quality of our services. Benefits of the Proposal Tourism industry in NSW generates the maximum revenue for the state and the economic contribution of the industry is more that the agriculture, fishing, and forestry. Sydney alone accounts for almost 50 percent of the national and international tourist traffic every year and accounts for almost 63% of NSWs tourism business (Economic Contribution of Tourism to NSW 2015-16, n.d.). The tourism sector is also the biggest employer in Sydney with a large number of people directly and indirectly employed in the industry. The tourism industry also supports many of the local businesses around the city which include cafes, shops, hotels, market gardeners, laundries, hotels, and many more (City of Sydney - Council Home, n.d.). Sydney has been facing competition in the last few years from the other national tourist destinations like Melbourne and also from the other countries which are developing their tourism economies. Therefore, a dynamic business and marketing plan will help in sustaining and growing the tourism attraction of Sydney to achieve the vision of making Sydney one of the most favoured tourist destinations in the world with the best amenities for leisure as well as business tourism (Platenkamp, Botterill, 2013). Conclusion This is the basic outline of a business development plan for the tourism industry in Sydney and this requires the support from the local authorities and the local industries. The aim of this plan is to strengthen the economy of the city and overcome the challenges that the tourism sector in Sydney is facing. This strategy is based on the contemporary challenges and the economic conditions in the present day and provides a possible direction for the future initiatives that could help in the development of tourism industry in Sydney. References: ApostolopoulosYiorgos, Leivadi Stella, Yiannakis Andrew (2013). The sociology of tourism: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Routledge, 376 pages. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=hCDqspER0JQCdq=development+of+tourism+industry+in+australia+2013lr=source=gbs_navlinks_s Buckley Ralf (2012). Sustainable tourism: Research and reality. Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 39, Issue 2, pp. 528-546. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160738312000230 City of Sydney - Council - Home. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/tourism Dredge Dianne Jamal Tazim (2013). Mobilities on the gold coast, Australia: implications for destination governance and sustainable tourism. Journal of Sutainable Tourism, Volume 21, Issue 4. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669582.2013.776064 Dwyer Larry, Edwards Deborah, Mistilis Nina, Roman Carolina, Scott Noel (2009). Destination and enterprise management for a tourism future.Tourism Management, Volume 30, Issue 1, pp. 63-74. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517708000745 Economic Contribution of Tourism to NSW 2015-16. (n.d.). Retrieved August 16, 2017, from https://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Economic-Contribution-of-Tourism-to-NSW-2015-16.pdf Hall C. Michael (2009). Innovation and tourism policy in Australia and New Zealand: never the twain shall meet? Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, Volume 1, Issue 1. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19407960802703466 Ivanov Stanislav, Webster Craig (2013). Tourisms impact on growth: the role of globalization. Annals of tourism research, Volume 41, pp. 231-236. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160738313000030 Ma Mulan, Hassink (2013). An evolutionary perspective on tourism area development.Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 41, pp. 89-109. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160738312001648 Miller Graham, Rathouse Kathryn, Scarles Caroline, Holmes Kirsten, Tribe John (2010). Public understanding of sustainable tourism.Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 37, Issue 3, pp. 627-645. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160738309001674 Mok Connie, Sparks Beverly, Kadampully Jay (2013). Service Quality Management in Hospitality, Tourism, and Leisure, Routledge, Business Economics, 358 pages. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nlEsBgAAQBAJdq=development+of+tourism+industry+in+australia+2013lr=source=gbs_navlinks_s Mowforth Martin, Munt (2015). Tourism and Sustainability: Development, Globalisation and New Tourism in the Third World. Routledge, 476 pages. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HnNACwAAQBAJdq=development+of+tourism+industry+in+australia+2015lr=source=gbs_navlinks_s Newsome David, Moore A. Susan, Dowling K. Ross (2012). Natural Area Tourism: Ecology, Impacts, References:and Management. Channel View Publications, 457pages. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=F5nfDPBcw44Cdq=development+of+tourism+industry+in+australia+2012lr=source=gbs_navlinks_s Platenkamp Vincent, Botterill (2013). Critical realism, rationality and tourism knowledge.Annals of tourism research, Volume 41, pp. 110-129. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160738312001740 Ruhanen Lisa (2012). Local government: facilitator or inhibitor of sustainable tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Volume 21, Issue 1.Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669582.2012.680463 SeetaramNeelu (2012). Immigration and international inbound tourism: Empirical evidence from Australia. Tourism Management, Volume 33, Issue 6, pp. 1535-1543. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517712000428 Tourism Action Plan - Home - City of Sydney. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/156527/8945_FA3_Tourism_Action_Plan_A4_UPDATE-Final-Low.pdf XinShuang, Tribe John, Chambers Donna (2013). Conceptual research in tourism.Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 41, pp. 66-88. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160738312001636

Project Ms Excel free essay sample

Ms-Excel is a full-featured window based spread sheet program developed by Microsoft Corporation is used by millions of people around the world. Excel includes all standard features of a spread sheet package like automatic recalculation, graphs and functions. It includes several advanced utilities like facility to include other objects within a spreadsheet, table and form designing. Ms-Excel is developed on the GUI concept. A spreadsheet is a highly interactive computer program that consists of a collection of rows and columns that are displayed on the screen in a scrollable window. The intersection of each row and column is called a cell. A cell can hold a number of text string or a formula that performs a calculation using one or other cells. Excel is used for a variety of applications. It is commonly used to automatic financial statements, business forecasts, transition registers inventory control, accounts receivable and accounts payable. The package provides statistical, analytical and scientific functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Ms Excel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, Excel is used in many scientific and engineering environments to analyze numerical data and present findings. Excel comes across as a powerful and flexible graphical presentation tool. Excel is also able to access data stored in Database formats. Excel may also used as a powerful application development tool. FEATURES OF MS-EXCEL Ms-Excel is application software based on electronic spreadsheet made by Microsoft. This software allows us to retrieve data from external data sources and use it in worksheet. Ms-Excel has a number of features. Some of the features of Ms-Excel are as follows- 1. Excel has 65536 rows and 256 columns in it. It supports what if analysis to help predict the future values if there is a change in the cell content which is referred to in the formula. 3. Based on the data, graphs or charts can be created for quick assessment of a situation. 4. Excel provides facility of manipulation of string data. 5. Excel support data and time related function. 6. Huge amount of information is stored. 7. Excel take advantage of windows environment. The excel application window includes the standard title bar and command bars. Below the command bars is a strip that contains the name box and the formula bar. The excel status bar displays information about current selection. Commands or operations. The right end of the status bar displays NUM if the keyboard num lock is on. MS-Excel uses personal tool bar, so the command bars appear side by side or one above the other. We can drag and drop command bars to rearrange them , we can also click the tool bar drag it to the left to along at its display and make more button visible. The excel application window contains following main components: Title Bar: Top bar of excel window, a horizontal bar contain the name of the workbook. Whenever you open a new file in MS-Excel, it automatically assigns a name â€Å"BOOK† to untitled file. Menu Bar: Below to the bar, again a horizontal bar contains the different menus that contain different Excel commands. The name of the menus itself define the type of commands they are containing. Standard Tool Bar: A horizontal bar below menu bar containing the different tools, by clicking these tools we can perform excel commands. This toolbar contain some standard commands like copy, paste, saving, opening and creating new files etc. Formatting bar : Below to the Standard tool bar, contains commands related to formatting of text without the cells, commands basically from FORMAT menu. Formula bar : Horizontal bar located below to the Formatting bar, used for applying formulas or functions in Excel. Name Box : A rectangular box actuated left to the formula bar. It shows the cell address of selected cell. Status bar : The last horizontal bar at the bottom of the excel window show the status of active sheet. This information is available immediately with a few keystrokes, giving businesses the ability to analyze data and make quick adjustments. Excel helps personal users create budgets or list obligations. We can analyze the information to decide if we should adjust our spending or determine how much money we need to accomplish a financial goal. Excel even offers budgeting templates. Importance of Ms-Excel to business- As one of the most used computer software programs for businesses today, mastering Microsoft Excel is an important skill that workers should have. It is no wonder that companies and businesses demand that their staff learn MS Excel so that they can stay competitive. Looking at it from the employer’s point of view, especially for those in the field of information technology system, Microsoft Excel is an essential end-user computing tool that can help perform a wide range of tasks. From making some of the mundane tasks more bearable through automation, to everyday functional tasks. Microsoft Excel is also used as a decision-making support for employers. It isn’t surprising how Excel has been dominating the spreadsheet product industry with a share of more than 90 percent. Thanks to clever programming, businesses have relied on Excel to improve the productivity level of employees. Apart from that, Excel can also be used outside the corporate world. For example, if we have a home office – we can use the program to calculate various costs, from sales tax to daily expenditures and more. Tracking our assets, income, debt and net worth can be done easier using excel Aside from the program’s obvious business uses, these personal uses tell us how flexible Excel is. Some more uses of Microsoft Excel: create graph and chart, import data from the web, data converter, data analysis and visualization tools, and a host of other purposes to support financial decision and business transaction for end users and business professionals. Microsoft Excel is highly customizable to perform a wide array of functions essential to business. Some companies have made it mandatory for employees to undergo Excel training as a way to keep up with technology and increasingly demanding business world. To prepare the payroll of the employees the following details are required. Employees name, Employees number, Basic pay, Allowances Deductions like Income Tax, Provident Fund etc. Bank employees are relatively permanent and do not change such as changes in the employees’ pay or increment etc. Such items are updated using the master update module of the payroll system. The computer reads details from master file and calculates net pay. The program also prints out pay slip for each employee to be handed over to him. A pay slip shows the employees number, name basic pay, various allowances, various deductions and net pay. The payroll system also generates a number of statements, starting employee numbers, name, bank account, number and new pay, This statement is sent to the bank, which transfers the net pay from the company’s account to the individual employee’s account in the bank. The payroll system also generates a provident fund deduction statement. This statement show the employee number, name and amount deducted. Another statement stating the name, number and the amount of tax deducted is also prepared. It is sent to Income Tax Office. In this way, various statements can be prepared from the data so created. 2. Inventory Management: In each and every business organization inventory management and control is the main determining factor of the profitability of the concern. If the inventory is not properly administered and controlled, the firm cannot achieve its target profit. Inventories include raw materials, spare parts, components, etc. The set of programs used to keep track of the purchase and issue of those inventories constitute the inventory control system. In the business concerns, various items of raw materials are needed in different quantities. They are to be stocked optimally i. e. , neither more nor less. Too less a stock would result in non-availability of these items, when the firm wants to exploit the new orders. If they are over stocked, more money is invested in buying the excess stock which results into more interest on loan, etc. which is a loss to the business. Hence, the firm has to maintain the optimum level of materials. The inventory control system maintains a file with party number, name, quantity on stock, a level of stock at which the company orders for fresh quantities and the supplier’s address. This file is the inventory master. When an item is issued, the inventory update program updated the Inventory master reducing the stock by the quantity issued. If the resultant stock falls below the reorder level, the inventory control program prints out an order to the supplier. When the supplier supplies the item, the inventory control program updated the stock on hand. The Inventory Control System keeps track of the Purchases and issues, so that, the firm can easily know the usages of these items over a period of time. Excel Graphics Introduction Excel charts are graphical representations of numeric data. Graphs make it easier for users to compare and understand numbers, so charts have become a popular way to present numerical data. Every chart tells a story. Stories can be simple: ‘See how our sales have increased’ or complex: ‘This is how our overhead costs relate to the price of our product’ whether simple or complex, the story should be readily understandable. If we can’t immediately understand what a chart means, then it isn’t a good chart. Graphs are constructed with data points, which are the individual number in a worksheet, and data series, which are the groups of related data points within a column or row. Understanding Graph type (2D and 3D) Excel comes with a wide variety of charts capable of graphically representing most standard types of data analysis, and even some more exotic numeric interpolations. The type of data you are using and presenting determines the type of chart you will plot the data on. This chapter discusses some of the most frequently used chart types. Excel has graphs in the following categories: Pie charts : These work best for displaying how much each part contributes to a total value. Pie charts can be exploded for greater visual clarity, or turned into doughnut charts, which can represent more than just one set of data. Line and area charts : These show data points connected with lines, indicating upward or trends in value. Area charts show the area below a line filled in. Both types can be combined with column charts to show more data. Column and bar charts : These compare values across categories. With results presented vertically in column charts and horizontally in bar charts. The composition of the column or bar con be stacked in more than one color to represent the contribution of each portion a category’s data to the total for the category. Inserting Rows and columns. To insert a row or column in the worksheet follow the steps given below: Select the cell below which the row has to be inserted or the cell to the right of which the column has to be inserted * To insert multiple rows or columns, select the number of rows or columns equal to the number to be inserted by clicking and dragging the mouse over the worksheet. * Select Rows or columns from the Insert menu. Excel inserts row below the selection or columns to the left of the selection. A row or column can also be inserted by right clicking the row number or column header and by clicking the Insert from the pop-up menu. Alternately, to insert a row or column, right –click a cell and from the pop-up menu, choose Insert option. Select the Entire row or Entire column option to insert a row or column in the worksheet. Deleting rows and columns When rows are deleted in the worksheet the rows below the deleted row move up to fill the space, when columns are deleted, the columns to the right are shifted to the left. To delete a row or column, click the row number or column letter on the row or column to be deleted and then select the Delete option from the Edit menu to delete more than one row or column drag over the row numbers or column letters for selecting them. Alternately, right- click the selection and choose Delete from the popup menu. The rows and columns are renumbered automatically (deleted) Merging Cells MS-Excel allows merging data in one cell with adjacent cells (that are blank) to form a big cell. Merging cells is useful especially while creating a decorative title for the worksheet. To create a title with merged cells. Follow the steps given below:  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬* Enter the title in the upper-left cell of the range. To enter multi-line title, press ALT+ENTER to insert each new line. * Select the range in which the title has to be placed. * Click Cells from the Format menu. The Format Cells dialog box appears. * Click the Alignment tab. * Click the Merge Cells check box and click ok. We can merge and center the data in the cell quickly by clicking the Merge and Center button on the Formatting toolbar. Inserting and deleting Cells Inserting Cells will cause the data in the existing Cells to shift down a row or over a column for creating space for the new cells. Follow the steps given below to insert a single cell or group of cells. * Select the area where the new cell(s) are to be inserted. Excel will insert the same number of cells as selected. * Choose Cells from Insert menu. The Insert dialog box appears. * Select Shift Cells Right or Shift Cells Down and Click Ok. To delete the cells completely, follow the steps given below: * Select the cell or range of cells to be deleted. * Choose Delete from the Edit menu. The Delete dialog box appears. * Select Shift Cells Left or shift Cells up and click Ok. Clearing contents of cells When cells are deleted, they are removed from the worksheet and surrounding cells are shifted to fill in the space. But when a cell is cleared, the cell remains in the worksheet while the contents, format or notes of the cells are cleared. The clear a cell, select the range of cells to be cleared and choose clear from the Edit menu. EXCEL TEMPLATES A template is like a preprinted paper. Every time a template is opened a copy of template is created. Templates can be extremely helpful when working with workbooks with identical formatting tables, formulas and so on. To save workbooks as template follow the steps given below:- -Set up workbook to desired format. Choose save as from the file menu. The save as dialog box appears. -Click template in Save as Type box. Excel automatically opens the templates location. -Specify a filename to the template and click save. Excel gives a xlt extension to the file. To open a copy of the template, choose New from the File menu. In the New dialog bo x click the icon to open the template. Editing a Template To make changes to a template, follow the given below:- -Click the open button in the standard tool bar. -Navigate to the template folder. -Double click the template to be edited. -Make the necessary changes and click save button on the standard tool bar. -Close the template. MS-Excel allows many commands or actions or operations to be reversed or roll back i. e. an action can be undone by selecting the undo option from edit menu or by pressing the Ctrl+Z key combination from the keyboard. It can deselect or undo previous action or operations. The undo option can be selected by clicking the undo button having anti clockwise arrow on standard toolbar. Excel also provides a command to repeat the action by selecting redo option from the edit menu or by pressing the Ctrl + Y key combination as shortcut key. The redo option can be selected by clicking the redo button having clockwise arrow on the standard toolbar. PRINTNG This section describes the printing process of MS-Excel. MS-Excel provides a number of options to improve the appearance of printouts of worksheets and charts. The File menu has four options related to printing. These are page Setup, print Area. Print preview and Print. These are explained as under: Page Set Up-Page Setup displays a four-part dialog that is used to lay out page. Click the appropriate tab to display the corresponding dialog. Page: This dialog box is used to set page orientation, Scaling and paper size. Margins: This dialog box is used to set the left, right, top and bottom margins, the distance from the distance from the edge of the page to headers or footers, and page centering. Click options to select paper, print quality, fonts, and device options. Header and Footer: If one wish to use headers or footers, use this dialog to create and position the text. The Custom buttons provide the ability to insert the page number, data, time, filename, tab name. One can also arrange the header/footer information at the left, center or right. Sheet :- It is used to set the print area, repeating row and column title, and page printing order i. e. down then over or over then down. User can enter a print area by clicking the button in the print area box and then dragging the desired cell range. Rows and columns print titles can also be entered by picking the desired cells. User can also print gridlines, column and row headings, comments, and set black and set black and white and draft quality printing. Print Area: It is used to select or to clear the current range of selected cells. Print preview: Print Preview is used to display an image of the printed page before send it to printer. It is noted that print Preview gives you direct access to the print and page setup dialog boxes. The other buttons let you page through a large worksheet, zoom (enlarge or reduce the display), display and adjust margin guidelines, close the preview, and display Help. Print: This dialog is used to specify the pages to print use the printer to print your work. One can also access the print preview dialog box here. One can start with this selection, perform all necessary preview and setup operations.